How Sir Ernest rutherford "split" the atom

10th May 2019

About Ernest Rutherford:

His mother, who believed ‘all knowledge is power’, made sure her children had a good education.

After gaining three degrees at Canterbury College, Rutherford won an Exhibition of 1851 scholarship and used it to study at the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge. Nicknamed ‘crocodile’ (because crocodiles always look forwards), he became known for his ability to make imaginative leaps and design experiments to test them.

In 1898 he accepted a professorship at McGill University in Montreal, returning to New Zealand briefly to marry Mary Newton, the daughter of his former landlady. It was at McGill University that Rutherford made the first of three major breakthroughs of his career: the discovery that atoms of heavy elements have a tendency to decay. This heralded the ‘carbon dating’ technique still important in science today.

More: 
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/ernest-rutherford

Questions:

What school did Ernest Rutherford go to? How far did he go in his education? Why?

Ernest received his early education in Government schools. At the age of 16 he showed great talent so entered Nelson Collegiate School. In 1889 he was awarded a University scholarship to the University of New Zealand, Wellington. 1894, he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Science Scholarship, enabling him to go to Trinity College, Cambridge. It is believed that Ernest received more scholarships that any other chemist. 

Is it possible to split atoms?

Researchers have just shown how a single atom can be split into its two halves, pulled apart and put back together again. While the word "atom" literally means "indivisible," the laws of quantum mechanics allowdividing atoms -- similarly to light rays -- and reuniting them.

How sir ernest rutherford "split" the atom?

Ernest Rutherford was the first person to knowinglysplit the nucleus, in 1918 at pManchester University where he bombarded nitrogen with naturally occuring alpha particles from radioactive material and observed a proton emitted with energy higher than the alpha particlel.

What did Ernest Rutherford discover about the atom?

In 1911, he was the first to discover that atoms have a small charged nucleus surrounded by largely emptyspace, and are circled by tiny electrons, which became known as the Rutherford model (or planetary model) of the atom.

How did Rutherford do his experiment?

Physicist Ernest Rutherford established the nuclear theory of the atom with his gold-foil experiment. When he shot a beam of alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil, a few of the particles were deflected. He concluded that a tiny, dense nucleus was causing the deflections

Did Rutherford discover the proton?

In 1911 Ernest Rutherford who performed many experiments to explore radioactivity did an experiment in which he discovered that the atom must have a concentrated positive center charge that contains most of the atom's mass. He suggested that the nucleus contained a particle with a positive charge theproton.

What did Rutherford think the atom looked like?

The atom consisted of subatomic particles called protons and electrons. However, it was not clear how these protons and electrons were arranged within theatom. J.J. ... Rutherford tested Thomson's hypothesis by devising his "gold foil" experiment.

Why did Rutherford use alpha particles?

The highly variable trajectories of the alpha particles meant that they did not all generate the same number of ions as they passed through the gas, thus producing erratic readings. This puzzled Rutherford because he had thought that alpha particles were just too heavy to be deflected so strongly.

English Introduce

In English we have been learning about
Short stories and poems, visual texts.
I think we are learning about this because we could listen while the teacher speaking , concentrated of doing some neccesary stuff about english and looking forward of it.

(Story) helped me to understand....

Pee wee

This movie makes sense alot. Anyways, this movie is a type of comedy. This guy nakes people entertain about his movement and the way he talks is so hillarious! This movie was about the holidays of how he moved on to his job and decided to go wherever he wanted after moving on. From that photo obvious that its a comedy, if u had watched this movie i bet you might gonna like.
At the wnd of this movie you wont stop

Investigate how to test for different blood groups

25th Mar. 2019

A blood sample is needed. The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood. Then, the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together.

What Are the Blood Types?

Categorizing blood according to type helps prevent reactions when someone gets a blood transfusion. Red blood cells have markers on their surface that characterize the cell type. These markers (also called antigens) are proteins and sugars that our bodies use to identify the blood cells as belonging in us.

The ABO blood system has four main types:

• Type A: This blood type has a marker known as A.
• Type B: This blood type has a marker known as B.
• Type AB: This blood type has both A and B markers.
• Type O: This blood type has neither A or B markers.

Blood is further classified as being either "Rh positive" (meaning it has Rh factor) or "Rh negative" (without Rh factor).

So, there are eight possible blood types:

1. O negative. This blood type doesn't have A or B markers, and it doesn't have Rh factor.
2. O positive. This blood type doesn't have A or B markers, but it does have Rh factor. O positive blood is one of the two most common blood types (the other being A positive).
3. A negative. This blood type has A marker only.
4. A positive. This blood type has A marker and Rh factor, but not B marker. Along with O positive, it's one of the two most common blood types.
5. B negative. This blood type has B marker only.
6. B positive. This blood type has B marker and Rh factor, but not A marker.
7. AB negative. This blood type has A and B markers, but not Rh factor.
8. AB positive. This blood type has all three types of markers — A, B, and Rh factor.

Having any of these markers (or none of them) doesn't make a person's blood any healthier or stronger. It's just a genetic difference, like having green eyes instead of blue or straight hair instead of curly.

Why Are Blood Types Important?

The immune system is the body's protection against invaders. It can identify antigens as self or nonself. To get a blood transfusion safely, a person's immune system must recognize the donor cells as a match to his or her own cells. If a match isn't recognized, the cells are rejected.

The immune system makes proteins called antibodies that act as protectors if foreign cells enter the body. Depending on which blood type you have, your immune system will make antibodies to react against other blood types.

If a patient gets the wrong blood type, the antibodies immediately set out to destroy the invading cells. This aggressive, whole-body response can give someone a fever, chills, and low blood pressure. It can even cause vital body systems — like breathing or the kidneys — to fail.

Here's an example of how the blood type-antibody process works:

• Let's say you have type A blood. Because your blood contains the A marker, it makes B antibodies.
• If B markers (found in type B or type AB blood) enter your body, your type A immune system gets fired up against them.
• This means that you can only get a transfusion from someone with A or O blood, not from someone with B or AB blood.

In the same way, if you have the B marker, your body makes A antibodies. So as a person with type B blood, you could get a transfusion from someone with B or O blood, but not A or AB.

Things are a little different for people with type AB or type O blood:

• If you have both A and B markers on the surface of your cells (type AB blood), your body does not need to fight the presence of either.
• This means that someone with AB blood can get a transfusion from someone with A, B, AB, or O blood.

But if you have type O blood, your red blood cells have neither A or B markers. So:

• Your body will have both A and B antibodies and will therefore feel the need to defend itself against A, B, and AB blood.
• A person with O blood can only get a transfusion with O blood.

u might understand to these entire words...

Keyboard skills

21st Mar. 2019

1.


2. What grade did you get on assessment? Merit
Are you happy with it? yes, Because at least I've achieved something that I'm happy for..

3. What could you do to improve your grade?
Well, I'll keep doing this till I succeed soon trying with your two fingers to play piano clearly..

4.

Climate

8th Mar. 2019


So, This is all about the comparing between these two places that has like hot or cold on it. This might make more interest of learning about the temperature. So, I've actually figured it out what was the hottest or the coldest down below of about climate.

Coldest temperature-
what is the coldest place on the earth?
Antartica-The lowest natural temperature ever directly recorded at ground level on Earth is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F; 184.0 K) at the Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983 by ground measurements. Antarctica, the southernmost continent and site of the South Pole, is a virtually uninhabited, ice-covered landmass. Most cruises to the continent visit the Antarctic Peninsula, which stretches toward South America. It’s known for the Lemaire Channel and Paradise Harbor, striking, iceberg-flanked passageways, and Port Lockroy, a former British research station turned museum. The peninsula’s isolated terrain also shelters rich wildlife, including many penguins.

1. What does the place look like?
Its like about the whole rest of Antarctica is extremely cold and it has actually snow for like constant.

2. What lives there?
This place is different which it has only penguins there but some of the people live their too, Seems that there are more penguins than the human its because only cold populations could able to live in that place.

3. How have they adapted to life there?
Living organisms are adapted to their environment. This means that the way they look, the way they behave, how they are built, or their way of life makes them suited to survive and reproduce in their habitats. ... Behavior is also an important adaptation. Animals inherit many kinds of adaptive behavior.






what is the hottest place on the earth? Hottest temperature-
Death Valley-
In fact, the all-time hottest temperature ever measured on Earth came on July 10, 1913, when Death Valley hit a sizzling 134 degrees F (56.7 degrees C). Death Valley is a desert valley located in Eastern California, in the northern Mojave Desert bordering the Great Basin Desert. It is one of the hottest places in the world at the height of summertime along with deserts in the Middle East.


1. What does the place look like?
Its actually a dessert place and you could obviously feel out there probably warm or something.


2. What lives there?
There are so many of them that I wouldn't describe properly but I'll give you a few answers about it. Its kangaroo, spiders, etc.


3. How have they adapted to life there?
Hard-learned, clever adaptations enable desert animals to thrive in this unlikely place. Desert Bighorn Sheep climbing mountain slopes. Death Valley is one of the driest places on earth. ... In fact, they are so perfectly adapted to arid environments, they do not need to drink water their entire lives!

How to denature DNA?

5th Mar. 2019

When a DNA solution is heated enough, the double-stranded DNA unwinds and the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands together weaken and finally break. The process of breaking double-stranded DNA into single strands is known as DNA denaturation, or DNA denaturing.

NA denaturation is the process of breaking down the DNA molecule, generally for the purposes of comparison or sequencing. As with many laboratory techniques, there are a variety of ways to denature DNA -- and each of them tend to be better for specific applications. The top three methods of DNA denaturation are heat, NaOH treatment, and salt. Each of these methods will break the bonds between strands, but may do so with a greater degree of accuracy or lessened disruption.

DNA Denaturation through Heat

DNA can be denatured through heat in a process that is very similar to melting. Heat is applied until the DNA has unwound itself and separated into two single strands. Once the strands have been separated, the DNA will then be cooled back down to a stable temperature. The process of cooling allows molecules to be formed in the DNA mixture, which then produces certain sequences that can be looked at as markers. Heat denaturation is frequently used when comparing the differences between species. Though DNA melting is a fairly simple and straightforward process, it is generally not used when accuracy is required. Heated DNA denaturation is considered to be less accurate than DNA sequencing and is used for more broad scope applications. This type of denaturation may also be used within the polymerase chain reaction.

DNA Denaturation through NaOH Treatment

Apart from heating, chemical denaturation can also be achieved through the use of NaOH. A certain concentration of NaOH can be used to denature DNA safely, often in as little as one minute. As the concentration of NaOH used is reduced, the process will take longer -- but the DNA can still be fully denatured. NaOH has been shown to be one of the most effective and reliable methods of complete denaturing. Other chemicals, such as formamide, are not able to denature DNA as rapidly or as reliably. Because NaOH can be used at a variety of concentrations, it is also able to be scaled quite easily. Furthermore, the DNA that is denatured with NaOH can be renatured through the use of a phosphate buffer. DNA that is denatured through other chemicals, such as DMSO, are not able to be fully renatured in this fashion -- and this can lend NaOH to more applications. 

DNA Denaturation through Salt

A high concentration of salt will cause DNA to naturally denature, given the right concentration of salt. DNA denaturation with salts are similar to denaturation through the use of organic solvents. In general, DNA denaturation through salt cannot be renatured. Salt is often used in addition to an acid for the full denaturation of DNA, and it may also be used in conjunction with heat. Salt is not usually used as the sole process of denaturation -- it's usually used alongside other chemicals such as isopropanol and ethanol. This process is able to be used on larger volumes of DNA, which makes it less useful for highly accurate and specific work, but more useful for scaling up and processing DNA in larger quantities. 

Though there are many techniques associated with DNA denaturation, the end result is the same: the bonds between the strands are broken and new molecules are formed, which can then be compared as desired. The ideal process of DNA denaturation depends on what the DNA needs to be used for, how accurate and specific the comparisons need to be, and the volume of material that has to be processed. In general, both heat and salt denaturation can be easily scaled and used with larger quantities, while NaOH denaturation may be slightly more accurate and useful in smaller quantities.

Music appreciation

28th feb 2019

Part 1

1. Name the song and the performer 

Despacito- Peter bence

2. What instruments are being used?

Actually he used the piano by playing despacito which was kinda difficult to find cord.

3. What is something you find interesting about this piece?

The whole piece was so intersesting because like he used his two handed finger with beat which brings me more some kind of interesting.


Part 2

1. Add a song that you like
at the moment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72UO0v5ESUo

2. Explain why you like this song?
The reason why I choose this because of the beat of that song and the melody with justin bieber.