Keyboard skills

21st Mar. 2019

1.


2. What grade did you get on assessment? Merit
Are you happy with it? yes, Because at least I've achieved something that I'm happy for..

3. What could you do to improve your grade?
Well, I'll keep doing this till I succeed soon trying with your two fingers to play piano clearly..

4.

Climate

8th Mar. 2019


So, This is all about the comparing between these two places that has like hot or cold on it. This might make more interest of learning about the temperature. So, I've actually figured it out what was the hottest or the coldest down below of about climate.

Coldest temperature-
what is the coldest place on the earth?
Antartica-The lowest natural temperature ever directly recorded at ground level on Earth is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F; 184.0 K) at the Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983 by ground measurements. Antarctica, the southernmost continent and site of the South Pole, is a virtually uninhabited, ice-covered landmass. Most cruises to the continent visit the Antarctic Peninsula, which stretches toward South America. It’s known for the Lemaire Channel and Paradise Harbor, striking, iceberg-flanked passageways, and Port Lockroy, a former British research station turned museum. The peninsula’s isolated terrain also shelters rich wildlife, including many penguins.

1. What does the place look like?
Its like about the whole rest of Antarctica is extremely cold and it has actually snow for like constant.

2. What lives there?
This place is different which it has only penguins there but some of the people live their too, Seems that there are more penguins than the human its because only cold populations could able to live in that place.

3. How have they adapted to life there?
Living organisms are adapted to their environment. This means that the way they look, the way they behave, how they are built, or their way of life makes them suited to survive and reproduce in their habitats. ... Behavior is also an important adaptation. Animals inherit many kinds of adaptive behavior.






what is the hottest place on the earth? Hottest temperature-
Death Valley-
In fact, the all-time hottest temperature ever measured on Earth came on July 10, 1913, when Death Valley hit a sizzling 134 degrees F (56.7 degrees C). Death Valley is a desert valley located in Eastern California, in the northern Mojave Desert bordering the Great Basin Desert. It is one of the hottest places in the world at the height of summertime along with deserts in the Middle East.


1. What does the place look like?
Its actually a dessert place and you could obviously feel out there probably warm or something.


2. What lives there?
There are so many of them that I wouldn't describe properly but I'll give you a few answers about it. Its kangaroo, spiders, etc.


3. How have they adapted to life there?
Hard-learned, clever adaptations enable desert animals to thrive in this unlikely place. Desert Bighorn Sheep climbing mountain slopes. Death Valley is one of the driest places on earth. ... In fact, they are so perfectly adapted to arid environments, they do not need to drink water their entire lives!

How to denature DNA?

5th Mar. 2019

When a DNA solution is heated enough, the double-stranded DNA unwinds and the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands together weaken and finally break. The process of breaking double-stranded DNA into single strands is known as DNA denaturation, or DNA denaturing.

NA denaturation is the process of breaking down the DNA molecule, generally for the purposes of comparison or sequencing. As with many laboratory techniques, there are a variety of ways to denature DNA -- and each of them tend to be better for specific applications. The top three methods of DNA denaturation are heat, NaOH treatment, and salt. Each of these methods will break the bonds between strands, but may do so with a greater degree of accuracy or lessened disruption.

DNA Denaturation through Heat

DNA can be denatured through heat in a process that is very similar to melting. Heat is applied until the DNA has unwound itself and separated into two single strands. Once the strands have been separated, the DNA will then be cooled back down to a stable temperature. The process of cooling allows molecules to be formed in the DNA mixture, which then produces certain sequences that can be looked at as markers. Heat denaturation is frequently used when comparing the differences between species. Though DNA melting is a fairly simple and straightforward process, it is generally not used when accuracy is required. Heated DNA denaturation is considered to be less accurate than DNA sequencing and is used for more broad scope applications. This type of denaturation may also be used within the polymerase chain reaction.

DNA Denaturation through NaOH Treatment

Apart from heating, chemical denaturation can also be achieved through the use of NaOH. A certain concentration of NaOH can be used to denature DNA safely, often in as little as one minute. As the concentration of NaOH used is reduced, the process will take longer -- but the DNA can still be fully denatured. NaOH has been shown to be one of the most effective and reliable methods of complete denaturing. Other chemicals, such as formamide, are not able to denature DNA as rapidly or as reliably. Because NaOH can be used at a variety of concentrations, it is also able to be scaled quite easily. Furthermore, the DNA that is denatured with NaOH can be renatured through the use of a phosphate buffer. DNA that is denatured through other chemicals, such as DMSO, are not able to be fully renatured in this fashion -- and this can lend NaOH to more applications. 

DNA Denaturation through Salt

A high concentration of salt will cause DNA to naturally denature, given the right concentration of salt. DNA denaturation with salts are similar to denaturation through the use of organic solvents. In general, DNA denaturation through salt cannot be renatured. Salt is often used in addition to an acid for the full denaturation of DNA, and it may also be used in conjunction with heat. Salt is not usually used as the sole process of denaturation -- it's usually used alongside other chemicals such as isopropanol and ethanol. This process is able to be used on larger volumes of DNA, which makes it less useful for highly accurate and specific work, but more useful for scaling up and processing DNA in larger quantities. 

Though there are many techniques associated with DNA denaturation, the end result is the same: the bonds between the strands are broken and new molecules are formed, which can then be compared as desired. The ideal process of DNA denaturation depends on what the DNA needs to be used for, how accurate and specific the comparisons need to be, and the volume of material that has to be processed. In general, both heat and salt denaturation can be easily scaled and used with larger quantities, while NaOH denaturation may be slightly more accurate and useful in smaller quantities.